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  Safe Boating - Rules of the Road (water)

When returning from the sea, remember the simple phrase - "Red Right Return."

What this means is that you must keep the red markers on your right when returning from sea (Green will be on your left when returning from sea.)  Of course on your way out, this is reversed and red markers will be on your left and green on your right.

Along the Eastern seaboard of the United States we also remember Red Right Going South.  As you travel up and down the Inter Coastal Waterway, red markers remain on your right while traveling south.  Green markers will remain on your left while heading south.  Of course you reverse this when traveling north.

1. For most inland lakes, the general rule is travel in a counter-clockwise direction around the lake.
2. Always be responsible and alert.  Give yourself enough time to avoid a potential collision.
3. Travel at a safe speed that would allow you to avoid a  collision, in regards to visibility, traffic density, maneuverability of the vessel with special reference to stopping distance and turning ability.
4. Avoid a collision with every possible means:

        a) alter course

        b) lower speed

        c) stopping

        d) reverse propulsion

    5.  When in a narrow channel, keep to the right as much as possible.

    6.  Meeting situations:

        CBDR - stands for "constant bearing decreasing range."  This old navel term simply means that when a vessel appears to be on a collision course with your vessel, watch the bearing as indicated on the compass.  If the bearing remains constant and the range is getting closer (decreasing) you are on a collision course and you must take appropriate action!  With larger vessels and in towing situation, the bearing can change significantly and you still can be on a collision course.

        In the following situations, the give-way vessel must take action to keep well clear.  The stand-on vessel should maintain its course and speed.  If it becomes apparent that the actions taken (or not taken) by the give-way vessel are dangerous or insufficient, you should take action to avoid collision.

    Meeting Head-On

When two power driven vessels are approaching head-on or nearly so, it is generally accepted that you should pass port-to-port and indicate your intention with one short blast from each vessel.  If there is an obstacle and need to pass starboard-to-starboard, then you should indicate your intention with 2 short blasts.   The other vessel will acknowledge with 2 short blasts.

Overtaking

When two vessels are moving in the same direction, and the astern vessel wishes to pass, it must initiate the signal to pass as shown in the diagram.  The vessel passing in the give-way vessel and should keep out of the way of the vessel being passed.   The vessel being passed is the stand-on vessel and must maintain its course and speed.  If the stand-on vessel realizes that the course is not safe, it should sound the danger or doubt signal.

If you are the overtaking vessel, remember that you are the give-way vessel until well past, and safely clear of, the passed vessel.  Do no cut in front, impede or endanger another vessel.

"I intend to pass you on your port side" (2 short blasts 1 second long), "Agreement" (2 short blasts 1 second long)

"I intend to pass you on your starboard side" (1 short blast 1 second long), "Agreement" (1 short blast 1 second long)

Crossing

When two power driven vessels are approaching at right angles or nearly so, and risk of collision exists, the vessel on the right is the stand-on vessel and must hold its course and speed.  The other vessel, the give-way vessel, shall maneuver to keep clear of the stand-on vessel and shall pass it by its stern.  If necessary, slow or stop or reverse until the stand-on vessel is clear.

In the example above, the red vessel is the give-way vessel and should alter course and speed to pass behind the green vessel.  If the skipper of the green vessel does not observe the red vessel taking action to avoid collision, then he/she must take the required action to avoid a collision.

Sailing Craft and vessels propelled by oars or paddles

Sailing craft and boats propelled by oars or paddles have the right-of-way over power driven vessels.  An exception to this is if the sailing craft or self-propelled vessel is passing a power driven vessel.  In an overtaking situation, the overtaking vessel is the give-way vessel, even if it is not propelled by an engine.

Sailing vessels have special situations when meeting and crossing each other.  

This is describes the - COLREGS (Special thanks to Geoff Kuenning for providing this info for boter education)

Navigation Light Combinations

One of the most complex areas of boating is the light combinations used to indicate various types of ships at night. Luckily, there are also lots of standard mnemonics. Most of these were provided by Farnes Quinn and Steve Hodgson.

Running Lights

The most fundamental navigation lights are the running lights required on all boats over 5 meters. The basic running lights are white to the stern of the boat, red to port, and green to starboard. The colored lights are visible from forward of the boat as well as the sides. The three running lights may be mounted in a number of ways, separately or combined, high or low, but must always be masked so that you see the appropriate color from the each direction.

There are several useful mnemonics related to the color of the running lights. First, remember that port wine is red, so the red running light is on the left side of the boat. Second, you see stars in good weather, which is when you like to go out on the water, so green for go equals starboard (invented by Alistair Barclay). Third, stoplights (traffic signals) in most places show red when you should stop, green when you should go. The running lights and the right-of-way rules are arranged so that if you see another boat's port (red) running light and there is no other rule to tell you what to do, you should give way ("stop"), while if you see green, you should maintain course and speed ("go"). Red means stop, green means go.

A fourth mnemonic, suggested by Peter W. Meek, is Red Left Port. The image is of a red-headed sailor going to sea, where he belongs (not some nasty old port). This mnemonic has the advantage that it also serves for buoyage system "B" and for remembering that port is the left side of the boat.

In addition to the three-colored running lights used by all boats, a powerboat must show a white masthead light visible from the front. This light must be mounted higher than the running lights. Depending your angle relative to the powerboat, the masthead light might or might not appear to be in line with the visible running light, but it will always be higher. (From the stern, only the stern light is visible, regardless of the type of propulsion. This is because you aren't going to collide with a faster boat that's ahead of you, and if you're the faster one, you have to give way regardless of propulsion method. See the overtaken-wins rule in the right-of-way rules.)

To summarize, if you see , you're looking at the port side of a sailboat. Similarly, shows the starboard side of a sailing machine. means you're seeing somebody's stern, but you don't know whether it's power or sail. indicates the port side of a power vessel (note that the two lights won't necessarily be lined up as shown here). Finally, means you're seeing the starboard side of a power boat.

Mast Lights

Mast lights are shown in addition to running lights to identify vessels more precisely than simply "I'm a boat." If a boat has no mast light at all, it's a sailboat (see above). (Note that a three-colored running light, as described above, isn't a "mast light" even if it's mounted at the top of a sailboat's mast, nor is the white masthead light shown by all power boats. Confused enough?)

Other, more complex mast light combinations indicate the operational status of the boat. They are usually, though not always, shown all-around:

Stern Lights

Boats can also show stern lights to help identify them. These are only visible when you are behind the boat. Some stern light combinations include:

Control Lights

Lights are also used to control passage through bridges and locks. So far, I only have information for the European lock system, submitted by Ray Battersby. More will be added as time and knowledge permit.

European (International) Harbor Traffic Control Signal Lights

This entire section was written and submitted by Ray Battersby.

Traffic-Light control signals are commonplace at the entrances to European ports. These are generally of the form, Red, White (Yellow) and Green, vertically arranged and often with other lamps in parallel. Because of the need to identify inbound and outbound traffic, they don't use a simple Red = Stop, White (yellow) = Prepare to Move and Green = Go (as for road traffic - that would be too simple and too easy to remember!) but a combination.

However, by studying the Silk Cut Almanac, I have found that the following rules apply:

NOTE: Although the above matches the official interpretation in terms of your own rights of passage, using this abbreviated interpretation, a sharp lookout for other shipping movements (especially from the opposite direction and from astern) is strongly advised.

Buoyage

There are two buoyage systems used in the world, named "A" and "B". Buoyage system "A" is used in Europe, Asia, and Australia, with the exception of Japan, Korea, and the Philippines. System "B" is used elsewhere, notably including all of the Americas. The two systems use opposite color codes.

In both systems, the buoys also have coded shapes, called cans and nuns. A can is a simple cylinder, like an oil can. A nun is conical, with the name being reminiscent of the pointed hats worn by some orders of nuns. In both systems, cans appear on the left when returning from sea to port, nuns on the right.

Buoyage Numbering

In both systems, green buoys are given odd numbers and red buoys are even. The numbering starts at "1" at the mouth of the harbor or river, and increases from there.

The following two mnemonics, submitted by David H. Shaffer, may help remember the numbering scheme in the IALA "B" system:

Demods

Buoy numbers DEcrease MOving DownStream.

You'll never see a nun 69

Nun (cone-shaped) buoys always have an even number.

Buoyage System "A"

The mnemonics given below are for buoyage system "A." Be sure to learn the right mnemonics for your area!

Barrels to Port

In IALA "A," red-colored buoys are cans, which are shaped like barrels. A sailor returning from a long trip looks forward to a barrel of port, so when coming into port, keep your port side closest to the red barrel and you will be on the way to the nearest tavern. This was invented by Alistair Barclay; many thanks to him for submitting it.

Bleeding Heart

In IALA "A," red-colored buoys are kept to the side of your heart (left) when returning to port. This was suggested on Yacht-L by Matthijs van Couwelaar.

Buoyage System "B"

The mnemonics given below are for buoyage system "B." Be sure to learn the right mnemonics for your area!

Red Right Returning

In IALA "B," red-colored buoys are nuns, which are kept to the right (starboard) side of the boat when returning from the ocean to port. There is a detailed convention for defining exactly what "returning" means in ambiguous situations (i.e., on canals and rivers), which will not be repeated here.

Green Going Out The complement to "Red right returning," indicating that green buoys are left to starboard when you are heading out to sea. Suggested by Paul Atterton.

Even Red Left Port

(Suggested by Peter W. Meek, improved by Jeremiah V. Donovan and Kathy Spahn). The image is of a day so perfect that even the old red-headed sailor left his rocking chair to go to sea, where he belongs (not that boring old port). This mnemonic has the advantage that it also serves for the colors of running lights, for remembering that port is the left side of the boat, and for recalling that red markers are even-numbered.

Sound Signals

There are many sound signals used in situations of limited visibility (i.e., fog), and when two ships need to agree on the maneuvers necessary to avoid collisions (see the right-of-way rules below). Most of these signals are quite hard to remember, and there didn't seem to be any mnemonics for them, so I invented some to help me out.

For collision avoidance, there are two systems. On inland waterways, intention/agreement signals are used. On international (offshore) waters, actual rudder actions are signaled. Fortunately, although at first glance the two systems differ, both actually use the same effective meanings for signals. So all you have to remember is that on an inland waterway, if somebody toots at you, you need to agree by repeating the same pattern back at them, and if you toot, don't change course until you get agreement. If you disagree, give the danger signal. Inland uses intention/agreement, offshore signals rudder operations.

In sound signals, a short blast has a duration of about 1 second; a prolonged blast is 4-6 seconds.

When you are approaching another boat head-on (more or less), the first two mnemonics below give the same information: turning to port will cause the other boat to pass on your starboard side. This simplifies things: since both mnemonics refer to a double blast, you can just memorize that fact, and know that the other direction is the single-blast case. Note: If you are exactly head-on, or very nearly so, the COLREGS prefer that you turn to starboard (single blast).

Navigational Formulas

Navigation often requires relatively complicated arithmetic. The most common is compass corrections: converting between true directions and a compass reading.

Timid Virgins Make Dull Company at Weddings

(Or "Add Whiskey.") This is the formula for converting true directions or courses to compass readings: True plus Variation equals Magnetic heading. Beyond that, add the Deviation to get the Compass heading. In all of these corrections, "at weddings" means Add Westerly variations and deviations as part of the calculation (and, by implication, subtract easterly ones).

There are a number of minor variations on this mnemonic, but the differences aren't important.

(Before you call me or anyone else sexist, note that virgins can be of either sex. If you think virgins make perfectly fine company, please remember that it's just a memory aid, not a politico-religious philosophy. In any case, I'm just quoting other people. Don't send me flames. Sheesh!)

 

Can Dead Men Vote Twice at Elections?

This is the formula for converting compass headings back to true ones: Compass plus Deviation equals Magnetic heading. Beyond that, add the Variation to get the True heading. In all of these corrections, "at elections" means Add Easterly deviations and variations as part of the calculation (and, by implication, subtract westerly ones).

 

Charter Boaters Detest Returning

This refers to the common mnemonic for predicting a collision: CBDR, for "Constant Bearing, Decreasing Range." If the bearing to another vessel does not change, and the range is getting less, you are going to bump. Note that this refers to the true or magnetic bearing, not the relative value. Submitted by Steven Hodgson.

Right-of-Way Rules

The rules for who has the right of way are complex. The basic rule, of course, is General Responsibility: notwithstanding any other rule, you're not supposed to run into other people or things. That ought to be obvious.

For recreational boaters, a commonly-observed practical corollary is "tonnage has the right of way": stay out of the way of big boats, because even if you're technically right, you're going to be the loser in a collision.

Nevertheless, there are rules about who goes first, and you ought to know them. Since they're complex and lengthy, I invented a mnemonic to help recall them.

(Note: I've tried to summarize the essence of the COLREGS here. If you think I've gotten things wrong, you're welcome to e-mail me and set me straight. I'll appreciate it if you do, and I'll correct this Web page as soon as possible after I'm corrected.)

However, note that this mnemonic is a simplification of the rules. I'm not trying to codify every word of the COLREGS, I'm just trying to help you remember the most important points. Please don't nitpick. On second thought, please do nitpick, because I care a lot about details, but please don't get upset if your particular nit never makes it into this Web page.

The mnemonic below doesn't cover the situation where two similar boats are approaching (nearly) head-on. In that case, it is preferred that you alter course to starboard, so that you pass port-to-port (red to red, so that both are the give-way vessel; thanks to Paul Atterton for pointing this out). "Stay to the right and you'll be right," but the general-responsibility rule still overrides everything else.

This mnemonic gives the "order of priority," with the most important first. To use it, find yourself and the other boat on the list. The boat which comes first has the right of way, and is the stand-on vessel. If you both fall in the same category, then either the category itself tells you what to do (e.g., sailboats beat powerboats), or you must continue down the list. The mnemonic is "Generally, anchoring our red tugboat diligently minimizes surge loads." It is interpreted as follows:

Generally,

General responsibility. Above all else, don't have a collision. "I had the right of way" isn't a defense if there was something you could have done to avoid the other boat.

anchoring

Anchored. Anchored, stopped, or moored boats must be avoided by all other vessels.

our

Overtaken. Boats being overtaken have the right of way over the overtaking vessel. (This is true even if the slower boat is power and the faster boat is sail.)

red

Restricted maneuverability. Boats with restricted maneuverability, whether due to fishing, draft, length, towing, or other causes, have the right of way over vessels not so restricted.

tugboat

Traffic separation. Vessels participating in a traffic-separation scheme have the right of way over non-participating vessels. (If you must cross a traffic lane, try to do so at right angles.)

diligently

Downriver. On certain inland waters, powerboats proceeding downriver have the right of way over upriver and crossing vessels.

minimizes

Man-powered beats sail beats motorboat beats seaplane. Human-powered boats (canoes and rowboats) have the right of way over sailboats, which in turn have the right of way over powerboats, and even they have the right of way over seaplanes. I think of this in terms of increasing technological sophistication: the fancier your equipment, the fewer rights you have (sort of a class reversal).

This is an important one for sailors, of course, but note that there are a number of situations listed above where sailors must still give way.

surge

Starboard boat or starboard tack wins. This actually represents two rules, depending on whether the meeting boats are both sail or both power. (If one is sail and one is power, the rule above applies.) For power boats, the boat approaching from starboard has the right of way. For sailboats, the boat that is on starboard tack has the right of way, regardless of from where it is approaching.

loads.

Leeward boat wins. When two sailboats meet on the same tack, the leeward boat has the right of way over the windward boat.

Alistair Barclay sent me a different mnemonic, taken from A Small Boat Guide to the RULES OF THE ROAD by John Mellor: The mnemonic is "Nuclear restrictions constrain fishing and sailing, people say." It is interpreted as follows:

Nuclear

Not Under Command. ("NUC" for "nuclear"). A vessel that is "not under command" in the technical sense has the right of way. This refers to anchored or unoccupied vessels as well as those that have lost the ability to maneuver (e.g., through loss of power or their rudder).

restrictions

Restricted maneuverability. Boats with restricted maneuverability, whether due to fishing, draft, length, towing, or other causes, have the right of way over vessels not so restricted. (Note: Rod McFadden has pointed out that while it makes sense for NUC boats to have the right of way over those with restricted ability to maneuver, this is not explicitly mentioned in the COLREGS. He comments, "I've been unable to find any case where a NUC/RAM collision occurred; it's safe to say that if such a collision ever does occur, the Admiralty Bar will dine well for quite some time!")

constrain

Constrained by draft. Boats constrained to a narrow channel by their draft have the right of way. (This is really a special case of restricted maneuverability).

fishing and

Fishing vessels. Vessels engaged in fishing (this means towing nets, etc., not people with a pole off the back end) have the right of way. (Again, this is a special case of restricted maneuverability).

sailing

Sailing vessel underway. Sailboats have the right of way over powerboats.

people

Power-driven vessel underway. Powerboats are near the bottom, but have right of way over:

say.

Seaplanes. Seaplanes must avoid everybody else.

Weather

Reading the Color of the Bottom

Ways to guess the depth, based on water color. This is useful in the Caribbean, among other places. The mnemonic goes from shallowest to deepest. It was provided by Steve Hodgson.

Chart Scale

I don't think anybody has any trouble picking a chart of the appropriate scale out of a pile, since it's pretty obvious whether it covers just a harbor or the whole ocean. But a lot of us have trouble with naming the damned things. Here's a helpful mnemonic which I picked up from The Practical Pilot by Leonard Eyges: Small scale, small detail; large scale, large detail. So a large-scale chart is the one you'd ask for if you needed to enter a harbor.

By the way, The Practical Pilot is the best book I've ever read on the subject of pleasure-boat navigation. Where Dutton's has advice on steering a battleship or tanker through a narrow channel (fascinating, but not something I ever expect to do), Eyges shows you how to tell whether that's one island or two on the horizon. My favorite coastal-navigation book!

Boat Parts

The most basic terms in boating are those used to describe parts and directions on the boat. Most of these don't have or need mnemonics. (Do you really want to learn 50-odd different little rhymes just so you remember that the back of the boat is called the stern?) But a few have some handy mnemonics.

General Boat Parts

Port

The left-hand side of the boat when facing forward. Many people remember that "port and left both have four letters." Others use the mnemonic "I wonder if there's any red port wine left," which (as Rich Arimoto points out) is nice because it gets the color of the light into the mnemonic.

A third option, suggested by Peter W. Meek, is Red Left Port. The image is of a red-headed sailor going to sea, where he belongs (not some nasty old port). This mnemonic has the advantage that it also serves for remembering the colors of running lights and the codes for buoyage system "B".

The name "port" derives from the fact that steering was originally done from the right-hand side of the boat (see starboard, so the other side was put to the dock or "port".

Starboard

The right-hand side of the boat when facing forward. The easiest way to remember this is to learn where port is, and then recall that starboard is the opposite of port.

Incidentally, the word starboard comes from steerboard, because originally the rudder was just a board held on the side of the boat, and most steersmen were right-handed.

Forward

The direction towards the front of the boat.

Aft

The direction towards the back of the boat.

Bow

The forward end of the boat, usually the pointy end.

Stern

The aft end of the boat, usually the blunt end.

Shackle

A handy device for connecting things together. There are many types, but most consist of a "U" of metal, together with a removable metal piece that closes the top of the "U" to make an "O". You pull out the moving part, stick it through or around something, and fasten the whole thing together to make it hold. Often used to attach sails to things and things to sails.

Sailboat Parts

Boom

A spar used to give shape to the bottom of any sail. If you don't watch out, it'll hit you in the head, and you'll hear a loud boom.

Tack

The forwardmost, lowest part of a triangular sail. Just remember that the tack is where the sail is tacked (attached) to the boat, usually by some sort of shackle. Not to be confused with the other meaning of the word, which has to do with the relationship of the sailboat to the wind.

Clew

The aftmost, lowest part of a triangular sail. Expert sailors make all sorts of adjustments to a sail, but beginners can adjust the clew to catch the wind even if they don't have a clue about the finer points of sail trim.

Luff

The leading (forward) part of a sail, the part closest to the wind. If you adjust the sail improperly, it will flap, which is called luffing, and the luff is the part which luffs first. (Got that?)

Leech

The trailing (aft) part of a sail, the part where the wind exits. When the sail is adjusted properly, the wind will cling to the aft edge like a leech.

Andy Oliver also points out that "leech" is a corruption of "lee edge" (say it fast).

Spar

Any structural member that supports a sail or helps to maintain a sail's shape (e.g., the mast or the boom).

Mast

A vertical spar. Most modern sailboats have a single mast which supports two sails, but many boats have two or more masts.

Powerboat Parts

Do powerboats have parts? :-)

These mnemonics were compiled, organized, and occasionally invented by Geoff Kuenning. If you have additions, or if you would like me to try to invent a mnemonic for a particular situation, please send me e-mail about it.

Copyright 1996, 1997 Geoff Kuenning. All rights reserved. Mnemonics not marked "original" are not covered by this copyright, although the descriptions of such mnemonics are still covered. Permission is granted to reproduce and/or disseminate this material in any form when used for non-profit or educational purposes, so long as authorship is properly credited and this copyright notice is maintained intact.

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